Citation

Dickey SL, Ai AL, Hawkins C, Clark I, Wedenoja M, Boone K, Raney AA. Nat. Hazards Rev. 2023; 24(2): e04023003.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2023, American Society of Civil Engineers)

DOI

10.1061/NHREFO.NHENG-1577

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

This study explored the impact of Hurricane Michael within the Black community in Bay County and surrounding regions in the Florida Panhandle. It is imperative to investigate the challenges and resilience factors among historically marginalized populations to assist with empowering the community to rebuild and regain a sense of normalcy. Focus groups and interviews were conducted to expose victims' lived experiences with accessing community, federal, and local resources after Hurricane Michael. Thematic network analysis was developed to present a visual representation of the psychosocial, environmental, and social justice issues encountered by the Black community following Hurricane Michael. A weblike depiction of the data yielded a global theme of psychosocial and psychological trauma; organizing themes based on resiliency, environmental, social justice, and mental health issues among adults and children; and basic themes regarding racism, discrimination, and ineffective assistance from local and federal agencies. The crisis intervention theory provides a framework for organizing pertinent resources within Black communities after severe natural hazards.

FINDINGS indicate the need for culturally competent counselors who understand the challenges and resilience of the Black community and to assist with rebuilding efforts.

Practical Applications
This study explored the impact of Hurricane Michael 2 years after landfall with 25 members of the Black community. Through qualitative data in the form of interviews and focus groups, interviewees described the racism they encountered in their recovery, as well as the mental health support they received from the Black community. Contractors routinely refused to work on their damaged houses, preferring to work on houses owned by White residents, or they did not complete jobs. Thus, 2 years later some Black families still were living with no roofs or in severely damaged homes. FEMA was of little help because they required formal deeds to prove home ownership, and Black families in that area passed their homes from generation to generation, starting with an allocation from a plantation. Interviewees reported that Black churches and school still were not rebuilt. Some Black residents and businesses left the area to rebuild elsewhere. The recommendations of this study are to (1) change FEMA rules to recognize intergenerational home ownership and provide assistance to apply; (2) rebuild Black schools, businesses, churches, and individual homes; and (3) monitor racist practices by contractors.

Language: en

Keywords

Black community; Hurricane Michael; Resiliency; Social justice