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Affiliation
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Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. |
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Abstract
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A community outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 in Hong Kong was associated with an increased risk of suicide among older people.1 There are three factors that may increase suicide risk during an epidemic of an infectious disease: a) anxiety and uncertainty; b) social isolation; and c) economic issues.
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused fear, anxiety, and distress in the general population and, especially, among individuals with psychiatric disorders. Anxiety is fueled by uncertainty. People are struggling with the uncertain nature of this very contagious and potentially deadly disease. A neuroscience study has shown that uncertainty is a more stressful state than really knowing something bad will occur.2 Anxiety is also fueled by anxiety-inducing publications in mass media and alarmist posts on social media. In fact, the coronavirus epidemic has monopolized the media. Anxiety, distress, and uncertainty may trigger suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in individuals with psychiatric disorders and in low-resilient individuals without psychiatric diagnoses.3 Individuals with severe medical illnesses such as cancer may also become suicidal. When the future is murky with uncertain prospects and results, suicide risk is elevated. Stress and anxiety contributed to the higher suicide rate among older people during the 2003 SARS outbreak in Hong Kong.1 Perhaps resilience factors are more important forecasters of the development of suicidality than the extent of exposure to stressful situations such as the COVID-19 epidemic.
Many countries have enacted lockdown measures limiting gatherings and social contact, disrupting the lives of millions of people. The COVID-19 epidemic has left many people more alone than they’ve been in a long time, or ever. Social isolation negatively affects the psychological well-being of both psychiatric patients and healthy individuals. Individuals with psychiatric illnesses usually need more – not less – social interaction. Many persons with psychiatric disorders live alone and stay locked down for long periods. Loneliness may lead to despair, and social isolation is a suicide risk factor.4 Multiple observational studies suggest that both objective social isolation (e.g., living alone) and subjective feeling of loneliness are associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.4 These findings were consistent across different cultures.4 Social disengagement played a role in the increased suicide rate among older adults during the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong in 2003.1 One third of SARS-related suicide victims experienced social isolation ...
Language: en |