Citation

White M, Burton R, Darke S, Eastwood B, Knight J, Millar T, Musto V, Marsden J. Addiction 2015; 110(8): 1321-1329.

Affiliation

Alcohol, Drugs and Tobacco Division, Health and Wellbeing Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2015, John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1111/add.12971

PMID

25941025

Abstract

AIM: A counterfactual model was used to estimate the number of fatal opioid-related poisonings prevented by public treatment services for opioid use disorder (OUD) in England between April 2008 and March 2011.

METHODS: Patient OUD treatment episode data recorded by the English National Drug Treatment Monitoring System were linked to data on opioid deaths recorded by the Office for National Statistics. The source population was the official estimate of non-medical opioid users (aged 15-64 years; approximately 260,000 each year). The target population was all individuals (aged 15-64 years) treated for OUD in the study period (N = 220,665). The outcome measure was fatal opioid-related poisoning (opioid death). The opioid death rate (per 100 person years [PY]) and mortality rate ratios (MRR) were computed for study year, age group (15-24, 25-34, 35-64 years) and for three treatment-related states: time spent 'prior to treatment', 'during treatment', and 'after treatment'.

RESULTS: Between April 2008 and March 2011, there were 3,731 opioid deaths in the study: 741 during treatment (0.20 per 100 PY; referent category); 2,722 prior to treatment (0.77 per 100 PY; MRR: 3.76 [95% CI: 3.18 to 4.44]), and 268 after treatment (0.41 per 100 PY; MRR: 1.99 [95% CI: 1.64 to 2.41). By counterfactual estimation, national OUD treatment services prevented an average of 880 opioid deaths each year (95% CI: 702 to 1,084).

CONCLUSIONS: Between April 2008 and March 2011, a counterfactual model shows that the English public treatment system for opioid use disorder prevented an average of 880 deaths each year from opioid-related poisoning. Counterfactual models of mortality prevention can be used for outcome and performance monitoring of substance use disorder treatment systems.

Language: en