Citation

Jensen SK, Dumontheil I, Barker ED. Depress. Anxiety 2013; 31(7): 599-607.

Affiliation

Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2013, John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1002/da.22147

PMID

24027237

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Maternal depression and contextual risks (e.g. poverty) are known to impact children's cognitive and social functioning. However, few published studies have examined how stress in the social environment (i.e. interpersonal stress) might developmentally inter-relate with maternal depression and contextual risks to negatively affect a child in these domains. This was the purpose of the current study.

METHOD: Mother-child pairs (n = 6979) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents were the study participants. Mothers reported on depression, contextual risks, and interpersonal stress between pregnancy and 33 months child age. At age 8, the children underwent cognitive assessments and the mothers reported on the children's social cognitive skills.

RESULTS: Maternal depression, contextual risks, and interpersonal stress showed strong continuity and developmental inter-relatedness. Maternal depression and contextual risks directly predicted a range of child outcomes, including executive functions and social cognitive skills. Interpersonal stress worked indirectly via maternal depression and contextual risks to negatively affect child outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Maternal depression and contextual risks each increased interpersonal stress in the household, which, in turn, contributed to reduced child cognitive and social functioning.

Language: en