Citation

Margerum RD. J. Plann. Lit. 1997; 11(4): 459-475.

Copyright

(Copyright © 1997, SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.1177/088541229701100401

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Integrated approaches to environmental planning and management are being widely advocated in the literature and by management organizations. Terms such as integrated resources management, ecosystem management, and integrated environmental management have emergedfrom several different fields. This literature reveals concurrence on several substantive elements and some common views on the procedural elements. An operational model to help guide practitioners is currently lacking, but one might emerge through (1) more empirical investigations, (2) greater transfer of knowledge from social sciencefields to the natural resource fields, (3) the incorporation and refinement offrameworksfor collaboration, and (4) increased understanding of institutional changes required for coordinated decision making.