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Abstract
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OBJECTIVES: To compare the impact attenuating capabilities between ice hockey helmets manufactured with and without XRD impact protection foam, worn with and without a XRD skullcap, at reducing sub-concussive head accelerations.
DESIGN: Quasi-experimental laboratory.
METHODS: Ice hockey helmets were fit onto a Hybrid III 50th Head Form Head and dropped 25 times onto the left temporal side for each condition: XRD foam helmet, XRD foam helmet with XRD skullcap adjunct, non-XRD foam helmet, and non-XRD foam helmet with XRD skullcap adjunct. The helmets were dropped from a height that resulted in sub-concussive linear accelerations (25-80 g's). Using a tri-axial accelerometer, peak linear accelerations (g) were measured, and the average was used to compare impact attenuation properties across the four conditions.
RESULTS: The highest linear accelerations were observed in the XRD foam helmet without skullcap (32.97 ± 0.61 g) and were significantly greater (p < 0.001) than the XRD helmet with skullcap (21.38 ± 0.76 g). The helmet without XRD foam elicited the lowest peak linear accelerations (16.10 ± 0.73 g) which were significantly lower than the XRD foam helmet regardless of whether the skullcap was added (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Although sub-concussive loads are potentially just as dangerous, much of the research regarding helmet and skullcap efficacy appears to be at high concussive impacts; <70 g's. The findings suggest that helmets with incorporated XRD foam, either within the design or added as an adjunct, are less effective at attenuating linear accelerations at sub-concussive levels than the low-density foam helmet.
Language: en |