Citation

Liang H, Lee S, Sun J, Wong SC. PLoS One 2024; 19(7): e0306764.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2024, Public Library of Science)

DOI

10.1371/journal.pone.0306764

PMID

38995875

Abstract

As the world steadily recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, managing large gatherings becomes a critical concern for ensuring crowd safety. The crowd-crush disaster in Seoul in 2022 highlights the need for effective predictive crowd management techniques. In this study, an empirical analysis of this incident is conducted using data from various sources, and model-based simulations are created to replicate hazardous crowd conditions in high-risk areas. In the empirical analysis, mobile device data indicates a significant increase in population above normal levels in the disaster area just hours before the incident occurred. In the simulations, a hydrodynamic model is employed to simulate a bidirectional collision, which quantitatively demonstrates that the average density during the crush reached 7.57 ped/m2 (with a maximum of (9.95)ped/m2). Additionally, the average crowd pressure peaked at 1,063 N/m (with a maximum of 1,961 N/m), and the maximum velocity entropy was 10.99. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the primary causes of the disaster were the substantial population, bidirectional collision, and escalating panic. The results of controlled simulations under various management strategies are then presented. By implementing effective crowd management techniques, crowd safety can be enhanced through quantitative comparisons of these key indicators.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; Disasters; Models, Theoretical; Pandemics; Computer Simulation; Seoul; *Crowding; *COVID-19/epidemiology; Mass Gatherings; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification