Citation

Li YK, Agarwal PK, Oh JY, Ong LM, Chow WH, Daniel LM, Chay OM, Low CJW, Yeleswarapu SP. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 2024; 53(6): 361-370.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2024, Academy of Medicine, Singapore)

DOI

10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.202489

PMID

38979992

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of developmental and emotional/ behavioural concerns in maltreated children and to examine the impact of adverse family/caregiver risk factors on these outcomes.

METHOD: We analysed family demographic and baseline data of 132 maltreated children and their caregivers from a family support programme in Singapore. We examined the associations of 3 main risk factors (i.e., caregiver mental health, educational attainment, and family socio-economic status [SES]) with developmental/behavioural outcomes using multivariable logistic regression, controlling for caregiver relationship to the child. Caregiver mental health was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7) tools. Developmental/behavioural outcomes were assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ-3), ASQ-Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE), and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL).

RESULTS: The children ranged in age, from 2 months to 3 years 11 months (median age 1.7 years, interquartile range [IQR] 0.9-2.6). Among caregivers, 86 (65.2%) were biological mothers, 11 (8.3%) were biological fathers, and 35 (26.5%) were foster parents or extended family members. Low family SES was associated with communication concerns on the ASQ-3 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.04, 95% CI 1.08-8.57, P=0.04). Caregiver mental health concerns were associated with increased behavioural concerns on the CBCL (AOR 6.54, 95% CI 1.83-23.33, P=0.004) and higher scores on the ASQ-SE (AOR 7.78, 95% CI 2.38-25.38, P=0.001).

CONCLUSION: Maltreated children with caregivers experiencing mental health issues are more likely to have heightened emotional and behavioural concerns. Those from low SES families are also at increased risk of language delay, affecting their communication.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; Risk Factors; Child, Preschool; Infant; Female; Male; child maltreatment; Educational Status; Social Class; Mental Health; Surveys and Questionnaires; child development; Child Development; Singapore/epidemiology; *Caregivers/psychology; paediatrics; Family/psychology; Child Behavior/psychology; *Child Abuse/psychology/statistics & numerical data; behaviours; caregiver mental health; Child Behavior Disorders/epidemiology/etiology