Citation

Holman EA, Garfin DR, Silver RC. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2024; 121(29): e2318465121.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2024, National Academy of Sciences)

DOI

10.1073/pnas.2318465121

PMID

38968094

Abstract

Media exposure to graphic images of violence has proliferated in contemporary society, particularly with the advent of social media. Extensive exposure to media coverage immediately after the 9/11 attacks and the Boston Marathon bombings (BMB) was associated with more early traumatic stress symptoms; in fact, several hours of BMB-related daily media exposure was a stronger correlate of distress than being directly exposed to the bombings themselves. Researchers have replicated these findings across different traumatic events, extending this work to document that exposure to graphic images is independently and significantly associated with stress symptoms and poorer functioning. The media exposure-distress association also appears to be cyclical over time, with increased exposure predicting greater distress and greater distress predicting more media exposure following subsequent tragedies. The war in Israel and Gaza, which began on October 7, 2023, provides a current, real-time context to further explore these issues as journalists often share graphic images of death and destruction, making media-based graphic images once again ubiquitous and potentially challenging public well-being. For individuals sharing an identity with the victims or otherwise feeling emotionally connected to the Middle East, it may be difficult to avoid viewing these images. Through a review of research on the association between exposure to graphic images and public health, we discuss differing views on the societal implications of viewing such images and advocate for media literacy campaigns to educate the public to identify mis/disinformation and understand the risks of viewing and sharing graphic images with others.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; mental health; Israel; terrorism; Warfare; Social Media; *Mass Media; Stress, Psychological/psychology; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology; *Terrorism/psychology; collective trauma; graphic images; media exposure