Citation

Wijerathna TM, Gawarammana IB, Dissanayaka DM, Palanagasinghe C, Shihana F, Dassanayaka G, Shahmy S, Endre ZH, Mohamed F, Buckley NA. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila) 2017; 55(9): 970-976.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2017, Informa - Taylor and Francis Group)

DOI

10.1080/15563650.2017.1326607

PMID

28535124

Abstract

AIM: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common following deliberate self-poisoning with a combination washing powder containing oxalic acid (H2C2O4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Early and rapid increases in serum creatinine (sCr) follow severe poisoning. We investigated the relationship of these increases with direct nephrotoxicity in an ongoing multicenter prospective cohort study in Sri Lanka exploring AKI following poisoning.
METHODS: Multiple measures of change in kidney function were evaluated in 48 consenting patients who had serial sCr and serum cystatin C (sCysC) data available.
RESULTS: Thirty-eight (38/48, 79%) patients developed AKI (AKIN criteria). Twenty-eight (58%) had AKIN stage 2 or 3. Initial increases in urine creatinine (uCr) excretion were followed by a substantial loss of renal function. The AKIN stage 2 and 3 (AKIN2/3) group had very rapid rises in sCr (a median of 118% at 24 h and by 400% at 72 h post ingestion). We excluded the possibility that the rapid rise resulted from the assay used or muscle damage. In contrast, the average sCysC increase was 65% by 72 h.
CONCLUSIONS: In most AKI, sCysC increases to the same extent but more rapidly than sCr, as sCysC has a shorter half-life. This suggests either a reduction in Cystatin C production or, conversely, that the rapid early rise of sCr results from increased production of creatine and creatinine to meet energy demands following severe oxidative stress mediated by H2C2O4 and KMnO4. Increased early creatinine excretion supports the latter explanation, since creatinine excretion usually decreases transiently in AKIN2/3 from other causes.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; Adult; Female; Male; Severity of Illness Index; Prospective Studies; Young Adult; Time Factors; Suicide, Attempted; Biomarkers; Reproducibility of Results; oxidative stress; Sri Lanka; Predictive Value of Tests; Acute Kidney Injury; creatinine; Kidney; Creatinine; Acute kidney injury; Oxidative Stress; Muscle, Skeletal; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Potassium Permanganate; Oxalic Acid; Cystatin C; cystatin C dimers; potassium permanganate/oxalic acid