Citation

Cozza SJ, Shear MK, Reynolds CF, Fisher JE, Zhou J, Maercker A, Simon N, Mauro C, Skritskaya N, Zisook S, Lebowitz B, Bloom CG, Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ. Psychol. Med. 2020; 50(3): 438-445.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2020, Cambridge University Press)

DOI

10.1017/S0033291719000254

PMID

30829195

PMCID

PMC7025160

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Distinguishing a disorder of persistent and impairing grief from normative grief allows clinicians to identify this often undetected and disabling condition. As four diagnostic criteria sets for a grief disorder have been proposed, their similarities and differences need to be elucidated.
METHODS: Participants were family members bereaved by US military service death (N = 1732). We conducted analyses to assess the accuracy of each criteria set in identifying threshold cases (participants who endorsed baseline Inventory of Complicated Grief ⩾30 and Work and Social Adjustment Scale ⩾20) and excluding those below this threshold. We also calculated agreement among criteria sets by varying numbers of required associated symptoms.
RESULTS: All four criteria sets accurately excluded participants below our identified clinical threshold (i.e. correctly excluding 86-96% of those subthreshold), but they varied in identification of threshold cases (i.e. correctly identifying 47-82%). When the number of associated symptoms was held constant, criteria sets performed similarly. Accurate case identification was optimized when one or two associated symptoms were required. When employing optimized symptom numbers, pairwise agreements among criteria became correspondingly 'very good' (κ = 0.86-0.96).
CONCLUSIONS: The four proposed criteria sets describe a similar condition of persistent and impairing grief, but differ primarily in criteria restrictiveness. Diagnostic guidance for prolonged grief disorder in International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition (ICD-11) functions well, whereas the criteria put forth in Section III of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) are unnecessarily restrictive.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; Adult; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Family; suicide; Death; Accidental death; International Classification of Diseases; Grief; bereavement; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Military Personnel; violent death; complicated grief; prolonged grief disorder; combat death; persistent complex bereavement disorder; psychiatric nosology