Citation

Barzilay R, Patrick A, Calkins ME, Moore TM, Wolf DH, Benton TD, Leckman JF, Gur RC, Gur RE. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2019; 58(2): 277-286.e4.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2019, American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, Publisher Lippincott Williams and Wilkins)

DOI

10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.038

PMID

30738554

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) are common throughout development and often considered developmentally appropriate. We evaluated the prevalence and phenotypic heterogeneity of self-reported OCS in a large community youth sample not ascertained for seeking mental-health help. We aimed to identify patterns in OCS that are associated with serious psychopathology and may thus represent a "red flag" that merits psychiatric evaluation.
METHOD: Data were analyzed from youth from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N = 7,054, aged 11-21 years, 54% female). Participants underwent structured psychiatric interviews, including screening for OCS (8 obsessions, 8 compulsions, and hoarding) and other major psychopathology domains. Factor analysis was conducted to identify clustering of OCS presentation. Regression models were used to investigate association of OCS with threshold lifetime diagnoses of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depressive episode, psychosis, and suicide ideation.
RESULTS: OCS were common in non-mental health-seeking individuals (38.2%), although only 3% met threshold OCD criteria. OCS were more common in female participants and postpuberty. Factor analyses resulted in 4 factors: F1 - Bad Thoughts; F2 - Repeating/Checking; F3 - Symmetry; F4 - Cleaning/Contamination; and Hoarding as a separate item. All OCS were associated with higher rates of OCD, depression, psychosis, and suicide ideation. However, endorsement of F1 symptoms, prevalent in more than 20% of the sample, showed the most substantial associations with major psychiatric conditions.
CONCLUSION: OCS are common in community youth. Although for most youths OCS symptoms may be benign, some patterns of OCS are associated with major psychiatric conditions. These findings may help to identify youth at risk for serious psychopathology.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; Child; Female; Logistic Models; Male; Adolescent; Severity of Illness Index; Depression; Young Adult; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Comorbidity; Cohort Studies; Prevalence; Suicidal Ideation; Philadelphia; Self Report; factor analysis; Psychopathology; Psychotic Disorders; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; developmental psychopathology; obsessive-compulsive