Citation

Goldberg JF, McElroy SL. J. Clin. Psychiatry 2007; 68(10): e25.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2007, Physicians Postgraduate Press)

DOI

10.4088/jcp.1007e25

PMID

17960958

Abstract

Mixed episodes are associated with greater total lifetime costs, increased suicide risk, and increased substance misuse than pure manic episodes and may resemble depressive episodes due to similar quality of life scores, cognitive styles, and likelihood of cycling to depression. Patients with mixed states have an increased potential for abnormally low cholesterol, hypothyroidism, and other medical comorbidities that can slow recovery. In addition, patients with mixed states can have comorbid anxiety disorders and ADHD.

Language: en

Keywords

Bipolar Disorder; Comorbidity; Depressive Disorder, Major; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Health Status; Humans; Severity of Illness Index; Substance-Related Disorders