Citation

Kim SJ, Medina M, Park JH, Cho NE, Chang J. Front. Public Health 2024; 12: e1359127.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2024, Frontiers Editorial Office)

DOI

10.3389/fpubh.2024.1359127

PMID

38846620

PMCID

PMC11153705

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Individuals with gender dysphoria do not identify with their sex assigned at birth and face societal and cultural challenges, leading to increased risk for depression, anxiety, and suicide. Gender dysphoria is a DSM-5 diagnosis but is not necessary for transition therapy. Additionally, individuals with gender dysphoria or who identify as gender diverse/nonconforming may experience "minority stress" from increased discrimination, leading to a greater risk for mental health problems. This study aimed to identify possible health disparities in patients hospitalized for depression with gender dysphoria across the United States. Depression was selected because patients with gender dysphoria are at an increased risk for it. Various patient and hospital-related factors are explored for their association with changes in healthcare utilization for patients hospitalized with depression.

METHODS: The National Inpatient Sample was used to identify nationwide patients with depression (n = 378,552, weighted n = 1,892,760) from 2016 to 2019. We then examined the characteristics of the study sample and investigated how individuals' gender dysphoria was associated with healthcare utilization measured by hospital cost per stay. Multivariate survey regression models were used to identify predictors.

RESULTS: Among the 1,892,760 total depression inpatient samples, 14,145 (0.7%) patients had gender dysphoria (per ICD-10 codes). Over the study periods, depression inpatients with gender dysphoria increased, but total depression inpatient rates remained stable. Survey regression results suggested that gender dysphoria, minority ethnicity or race, female sex assigned at birth, older ages, and specific hospital regions were associated with higher hospital cost per stay than their reference groups. Sub-group analysis showed that the trend was similar in most racial and regional groups.

CONCLUSION: Differences in hospital cost per stay for depression inpatients with gender dysphoria exemplify how this community has been disproportionally affected by racial and regional biases, insurance denials, and economic disadvantages. Financial concerns can stop individuals from accessing gender-affirming care and risk more significant mental health problems. Increased complexity and comorbidity are associated with hospital cost per stay and add to the cycle.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; United States; Adult; Aged; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Adolescent; Young Adult; gender dysphoria; healthcare utilization; *Depression; *Gender Dysphoria/therapy; healthcare disparity; hospital cost per stay; Hospital Costs/statistics & numerical data; Hospitalization/economics/statistics & numerical data; Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data/economics; national inpatient sample