Citation

Gestsdottir S, Kristjánsdóttir H, Sigurdsson H, Sigfusdottir ID. Scand. J. Public Health 2021; 49(5): 555-562.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2021, Associations of Public Health in the Nordic Countries Regions, Publisher SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.1177/1403494820973096

PMID

33280527

Abstract

Aims: The use of anabolic androgen steroids to enhance performance is not a modern phenomenon. However, the majority of today's anabolic androgen steroid users are not competitive athletes, but individuals who want to look leaner and muscular. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of anabolic androgen steroid use among young individuals and assess whether their mental health, lifestyle and substance use differ from non-anabolic androgen steroid users.

METHODS: A population-based study conducted in secondary schools, mean age was 17.3 years. A total of 10,259 participants (50% young women, 1% reported gender as 'other', 49% young men) answered questions on mental health, anabolic androgen steroid use, substance use and sports participation. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, t-test, χ2 and logistic regression.

RESULTS: The prevalence of anabolic androgen steroid use was 1.6%, and 78% of users were young men. Anabolic androgen steroid users had more anger issues, anxiety, depression, and their self-esteem was lower than among non-anabolic androgen steroid users (P<0.05). A larger proportion of anabolic androgen steroid users, 30%, had attempted suicide compared to 10% of non-users (χ2 (1, 9580) = 57.5, P<0.001). Proportionally, anabolic androgen steroid users were more likely to take medicine for mental health problems and misuse substances than non-users. Participation in non-organised sports, increased anger and body image were associated with increased odds of using anabolic androgen steroids.

CONCLUSIONS: Anabolic androgen steroid use is a public health threat. It had an alarming effect on the life of individuals who report having used anabolic androgen steroids. Authorities, healthcare workers, parents and others working with young people need to be informed of the signs and risks of anabolic androgen steroid use to reduce future negative implications.

Language: en

Keywords

Adolescent; anabolic androgen steroids; Body Image; Female; Humans; Iceland; Male; Mental Disorders; Mental health; performance-enhancing drugs; Prevalence; Schools; Sports; Students; substance use; Substance-Related Disorders; Testosterone Congeners; Young Adult; young individuals