Citation

Levine SB, Abbruzzese E, Mason JW. J. Sex Marital Ther. 2022; 48(7): 706-727.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, Informa - Taylor and Francis Group)

DOI

10.1080/0092623X.2022.2046221

PMID

35300570

Abstract

In less than a decade, the western world has witnessed an unprecedented rise in the numbers of children and adolescents seeking gender transition. Despite the precedent of years of gender-affirmative care, the social, medical and surgical interventions are still based on very low-quality evidence. The many risks of these interventions, including medicalizing a temporary adolescent identity, have come into a clearer focus through an awareness of detransitioners. The risks of gender-affirmative care are ethically managed through a properly conducted informed consent process. Its elements-deliberate sharing of the hoped-for benefits, known risks and long-term outcomes, and alternative treatments-must be delivered in a manner that promotes comprehension. The process is limited by: erroneous professional assumptions; poor quality of the initial evaluations; and inaccurate and incomplete information shared with patients and their parents. We discuss data on suicide and present the limitations of the Dutch studies that have been the basis for interventions. Beliefs about gender-affirmative care need to be separated from the established facts. A proper informed consent process can both prepare parents and patients for the difficult choices that they must make and can ease professionals' ethical tensions. Even when properly accomplished, however, some clinical circumstances exist that remain quite uncertain.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; Child; Comprehension; Adolescent; Young Adult; gender dysphoria; Gender Identity; gender identity; ethics; Informed Consent; Transsexualism; Morals; Informed consent; detransition