Citation

Li Z, Li Z, Qiang H, Xie W, Su M, Xiang P, Shi Y. Forensic Sci. Int. 2024; 360: e112067.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2024, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112067

PMID

38821023

Abstract

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O), also known as laughing gas, has a euphoric effect and is becoming increasingly popular as a recreational inhalant drug. Deaths caused by recreational nitrous oxide abuse are rare, but may still occur. Although some methods for the quantification of N(2)O by GC-MS have been reported, elimination of carbon dioxide interference and the choice of a suitable internal standard remain current limitations to accurate N(2)O quantification. Here, a validated method using headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) is described that allows the quantification of N(2)O in human blood samples: sodium hydroxide is used to remove carbon dioxide, and n-pentane is chosen as a suitable internal standard. Collectively, the validation results show a good linear relationship of N(2)O in blood within the concentration range of 0.02 ∼ 0.5 mL/mL and an LOD of 0.005 mL/mL. Subsequent application of the validated method to two real mortality cases due to N(2)O intoxication provided reference values for blood concentrations in forensic cases. Other biological specimens (gaseous samples and tissues) of the deceased were also analyzed to demonstrate that the deaths were caused by asphyxia due to the inhalation of N(2)O.

Language: en

Keywords

Drug abuse; Lethal intoxication; Detection and quantification; HS-GC–MS; Nitrous oxide