Citation

Bejenaru AM, Malhi NK. Innov. Clin. Neurosci. 2022; 19(4-6): 11-22.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, Matrix Medical Communications)

DOI

unavailable

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic technique that has showed benefits in various psychiatric disorders. Although there is a large body of literature available on its use in adult populations, existing research in pediatric populations is very limited. Current research has primarily focused on its use in adolescent treatment-resistant depression. However, recently, rTMS has gained attention among researchers to find its utility in other neuropsychiatric disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), tics, and psychosis. There is a lack of systematic data on the safety of rTMS in children and adolescents. The aim of this article was to present an overview of the existing literature on the use of rTMS in children and adolescents and examine the relevant safety considerations.

METHODS: We conducted a literature review of the English literature in PubMed on TMS in children and adolescents, using comprehensive search terms and expanding our review to include sources cited by these reports. We reviewed the application of rTMS in psychiatric disorders in the pediatric population.

RESULTS: rTMS has been used for depression and anxiety disorders, OCD, ADHD, Tourette syndrome/tics, ASD, and schizophrenia, with variable results.

CONCLUSION: rTMS is a promising treatment in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders, although larger, sham-controlled, randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) will be required to definitely demonstrate efficacy, as well as to support a safety profile. © 2022, Matrix Medical Communications. All rights reserved.

Language: en

Keywords

adolescent; human; children; Review; safety; autism; depression; ADHD; schizophrenia; functional magnetic resonance imaging; psychosis; major depression; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; clozapine; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; Asperger syndrome; epilepsy; mental disease; symptomatology; anticonvulsive agent; child psychiatry; fluoxetine; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sertraline; headache; anxiety disorder; gastrointestinal symptom; clonidine; haloperidol; cerebrovascular accident; seizure; follow up; risperidone; benzodiazepine; neurologic disease; topiramate; dystonia; methylphenidate; clonazepam; Gilles de la Tourette syndrome; obsessive compulsive disorder; pimozide; electroencephalography; Beck Depression Inventory; dexamphetamine; intellectual impairment; auditory hallucination; benzatropine; fluphenazine; atomoxetine; trihexyphenidyl; tiapride; Charles Bonnet syndrome; rhinopharyngitis; nicotine patch; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; rTMS; neurofeedback; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Columbia suicide severity rating scale; Delis-Kaplan executive function system; trail making test; Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised; inosine; Rey auditory verbal learning test; tics