Citation

Stachowicz K, Sowa-Kucma M. Front. Pharmacol. 2022; 13.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, Frontiers Media)

DOI

10.3389/fphar.2022.988648

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Depression is a severe mental health problem that affects people regardless of social status or education, is associated with changes in mood and behavior, and can result in a suicide attempt. Therapy of depressive disorders is based mainly on drugs discovered in the 1960s and early 1970s. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are frontline pharmacological strategies for the medical treatment of depression. In addition, approved by FDA in 2019, esketamine [as nasal spray; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors antagonist with additional effects on α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel (L-VDCC), opioid receptors, and monoaminergic receptors] is an essential compound in suicide and drug-resistant depression. However, the treatment of depression is burdened with severe side effects, and in many cases, it is ineffective. An equally important issue is the choice of antidepressant therapy in people with comorbid somatic diseases, for example, due to possible interactions with the patient's other drugs. Therefore, there is a great need for new antidepressants with different mechanisms of action and the need to refine the search for new substances. The purpose of this review was to discuss new research directions and new trends that dominate laboratories worldwide. We have reviewed the literature to present new points on the pharmacological target of substances with antidepressant activity. In addition, we propose a new perspective on depressive therapies. Copyright © 2022 Stachowicz and Sowa-Kućma.

Language: en

Keywords

human; Review; psychotherapy; depression; physical activity; suicide attempt; mood; antidepressants; fatigue; mental disease; behavior; amfebutamone; amitriptyline; desipramine; fluoxetine; fluvoxamine; nefazodone; noradrenalin uptake inhibitor; paroxetine; selegiline; serotonin antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor; tricyclic antidepressant agent; venlafaxine; headache; quetiapine; anxiety disorder; dopamine uptake inhibitor; electroconvulsive therapy; reboxetine; influenza; tranylcypromine; drug dependence; social status; trazodone; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; coronary artery disease; hypertension; duloxetine; escitalopram; viloxazine; chronic obstructive lung disease; phenelzine; hypothyroidism; drug therapy; 4 aminobutyric acid receptor; n methyl dextro aspartic acid; serotonin noradrenalin reuptake inhibitor; iprindole; cell adhesion molecule; glutamic acid; psychomotor activity; Cushing disease; amine oxidase (flavin containing); clinical trial (topic); vilazodone; desvenlafaxine; antidepressant activity; phase 2 clinical trial (topic); phase 3 clinical trial (topic); cognitive behavioral therapy; phase 1 clinical trial (topic); glutamate receptor; phase 4 clinical trial (topic); esketamine; coronavirus disease 2019; pharmacology; metabotropic receptor; antidepressant therapy; DSCAM; glutamate receptors; new target; toludesvenlafaxine