Citation

Bauder CR, Hay JM, McClung JG, Starkey AG, Bryan CJ. Front. Psychiatry 2022; 13.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, Frontiers Media)

DOI

10.3389/fpsyt.2022.867332

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Assessing for and identifying those at imminent risk for suicide continues to present challenges, especially as many who die do not interact with specialty mental health treatment preceding suicide. Suicide-specific interventions in healthcare settings have been found to improve suicide-related outcomes, yet little is known about the confluence of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and physiological indicators of emotional distress as they correspond to other key risk characteristics and high-risk groups like gun owners.

AIM: The purpose of this content analysis was to examine self-identified warning signs of distress between gun owners and non-owners through crisis response planning (CRP).

METHODS: Participants completed a collaborative CRP. Warning signs were categorized as being either behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physiological in nature. Bivariate logistic regression models were used to examine associations between firearm ownership and variables of interest. Participants were evenly split between men (n = 44) and women (n = 44) and were predominantly white (67.1%) with a mean age of 35.9 (SD = 13.6).

RESULTS: Emotional warning signs of distress (68.2%) were reported slightly more often than behavioral (65.9%) followed by physiological (52.3%), and cognitive (46.6%). Firearm owners were significantly more likely to be male (OR = 2.5, 95%CI [1.07-6.0]). All participants were about a fourth as likely to report both a behavioral and physiological warning sign concurrently (OR = 0.26, 95% CI [0.09-0.67]).

CONCLUSION: Similarities and departures in warning signs of emotional distress may inform future research exploring both self-reported warning signs and related self-management strategies identified through suicide-specific interventions, particularly among high-risk groups such as gun owners. Copyright © 2022 Bauder, Hay, McClung, Starkey and Bryan.

Language: en

Keywords

human; mental health; suicide; firearms; traumatic brain injury; aggression; social support; physical activity; suicide attempt; alcohol intoxication; content analysis; marriage; human experiment; high risk population; emotional stress; weapon; self care; Article; venous thromboembolism; interrater reliability; community sample; cognitive behavioral therapy; Likert scale; cannabis use; warning signs; crisis response planning; suicide-specific interventions