Citation

Weissman MM, Talati A, Gameroff MJ, Pan L, Skipper J, Posner JE, Wickramaratne PJ. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 38.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2021, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101000

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

BACKGROUND: while the increased risk of major depressive disorder (MDD) in offspring of depressed parents is one of the best-replicated findings in psychiatry, their long-term outcomes are less well known. The clinical outcomes of biological offspring of depressed (high-risk) and not depressed (low-risk) parents who have been directly interviewed over the years are presented.

METHODS: a longitudinal retrospective cohort study began in 1982, and 276 biological offspring of moderately-to-severely depressed or non-depressed parents from the same community were followed up to 38 years. Rates of psychiatric disorders for offspring were collected by clinically trained interviewers. Final diagnoses were made by M.D. or Ph.D. clinicians. Mortality and cause of death were obtained from relatives and registries.

FINDINGS: high- compared to low-risk offspring continue to have about a three-fold increased risk of MDD, increased rates of anxiety disorder, substance dependence, and poorer functioning over the life course. Adolescence and early adulthood remain prime age of first onsets. Within high-risk group only, the death rate due to unnatural causes, suicides and overdose was 4·97/100 in the offspring and 5·36/100 in their parents. This subsample of White, lower-educated, often unemployed persons, who died by unnatural causes are similar demographically to those described as having a recent increase in 'deaths of despair'.

INTERPRETATION: family history of MDD continues to be a powerful predictor of clinical course and mortality and should be probed in clinical visits, especially in youth when depression usually first appears. © 2021 The Author(s)

Language: en

Keywords

adolescent; adult; human; mental health; suicide; female; male; alcoholism; bipolar disorder; psychiatry; schizophrenia; anxiety; cause of death; mortality; major depression; hospitalization; longitudinal study; drug overdose; mood disorder; unemployment; morbidity; major clinical study; controlled study; dysthymia; marriage; cognitive defect; high risk population; middle aged; anxiety disorder; panic; psychotropic agent; family history; drug dependence; follow up; cardiovascular disease; cohort analysis; neuromuscular disease; progeny; phobia; Article; employment status; Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia; graduate; high school graduate; clinical outcome; mortality rate; divorced person; widowed person; family income; clinician; patient registry; undergraduate education