Citation

Lemmon ME, Kossoff EH. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 2013; 15(4): 519-528.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2013, Current Science)

DOI

10.1007/s11940-013-0223-z

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Opinion statement: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is one of the most difficult epilepsy syndromes to treat, and many children are refractory to standard treatment regimens. Valproic acid, topiramate, and lamotrigine are considered first-line therapies. Newer agents, including clobazam and rufinamide, are promising additions to the current treatment options. The ketogenic diet and vagus nerve stimulation are important adjuncts, with increasing evidence to support their use. Corpus callosotomy should be considered in refractory cases. Finally, focal resective surgery should be considered in patients with lesional disease, although for most patients with LGS this is unlikely to be the case. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Language: en

Keywords

human; suicide; Epilepsy; Treatment; abdominal pain; liver failure; suicidal ideation; depression; psychosis; suicidal behavior; Lamotrigine; Valproic acid; fatigue; pancreatitis; article; vomiting; barbituric acid derivative; weight reduction; cognitive defect; neutropenia; thrombocytopenia; somnolence; opiate; constipation; confusion; placebo; drug potentiation; benzodiazepine derivative; carbamazepine; drug cost; diarrhea; nausea; tremor; weight gain; hypersalivation; leukopenia; irritability; valproic acid; brain surgery; felbamate; lamotrigine; phenobarbital; side effect; topiramate; hyperlipidemia; phenytoin; photosensitivity; anemia; drug tolerance; clonazepam; drug half life; hypoglycemia; oral contraceptive agent; drug contraindication; warfarin; etiracetam; vagus nerve stimulation; zonisamide; metabolic acidosis; coughing; respiration depression; drug clearance; heart palpitation; paresthesia; nephrolithiasis; teratogenicity; drug fever; aplastic anemia; diplopia; dizziness; drug eruption; lethargy; Stevens Johnson syndrome; hair loss; drug dose reduction; toxic epidermal necrolysis; hyperthermia; speech disorder; drug antagonism; drug induced headache; drug dose increase; drug dose titration; clopidogrel; hemiparesis; upper respiratory tract infection; blurred vision; closed angle glaucoma; maintenance drug dose; myopia; Topiramate; sore throat; clobazam; acidosis; sleep disordered breathing; aseptic meningitis; Levetiracetam; hyperammonemia; hoarseness; maximum plasma concentration; Lennox Gastaut syndrome; surgical infection; Zonisamide; growth disorder; carbonate dehydratase inhibitor; voice change; hypertransaminasemia; ketogenic diet; short QT interval; anhidrosis; atonic seizure; Clobazam; corpus callosotomy; Corpus callostomy; Felbamate; Ketogenic diet; Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; LGS; ralfinamide; Rufinamide; Vagus nerve stimulator