Citation

Reid DJ, Pham NT. Clinical Medicine Insights: Circulatory, Respiratory and Pulmonary Medicine 2013; 7(1): 7-15.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2013)

DOI

10.4137/CCRPM.S8140

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and is projected to be the third by 2020. COPD is characterized by chronic airflow limitation caused by airway inflammation and parenchymal destruction that is usually progressive. Inhaled bronchodilators continue to be the mainstay of the current management of COPD. Safety and efficacy data of the recently approved medications including aclidinium, glycopyrronium, roflumilast, and indacaterol are reviewed here. © the author(s), publisher and licensee Libertas Academica Ltd.

Language: en

Keywords

human; suicide; quality of life; insomnia; suicidal ideation; depression; anxiety; disease severity; review; anorexia; vomiting; weight reduction; tachycardia; xerostomia; unclassified drug; virus infection; constipation; drug mechanism; gastrointestinal symptom; drug safety; placebo; backache; seizure; long term care; patient compliance; drug efficacy; diarrhea; drug tolerability; nausea; tremor; restlessness; disease exacerbation; drug megadose; beta adrenergic receptor stimulating agent; theophylline; bronchitis; lung function; hypernatremia; hypertension; side effect; infection; pharyngitis; emphysema; muscle weakness; drug half life; chronic obstructive lung disease; diuresis; drug elimination; dyspnea; coughing; methylprednisolone; heart palpitation; thorax pain; nervousness; dizziness; drug eruption; fluid retention; rhinitis; urinary tract infection; aminophylline; bronchodilating agent; hypokalemia; drug induced headache; glycopyrronium bromide; upper respiratory tract infection; fluticasone; mometasone furoate; respiratory tract infection; nose obstruction; sinusitis; peripheral edema; budesonide; prednisone; sore throat; wound healing impairment; salbutamol; stomach pain; thrush; rhinopharyngitis; tiotropium bromide; throat irritation; dosage schedule comparison; maximum plasma concentration; salmeterol; mucosal dryness; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; forced expiratory volume; ipratropium bromide; musculoskeletal pain; terbutaline; arformoterol; beclometasone; bronchodilatation; fluticasone propionate plus salmeterol; formoterol; levalbuterol; chronic bronchitis; roflumilast; phase 3 clinical trial (topic); aclidinium bromide; COPD therapy; hirobiz breezhaler; indacaterol; ipratropium bromide plus salbutamol; Long-acting muscarinic agent; Long-acting β2-agonist; muscarinic agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor; Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor