Citation

Okumura T, Ariyoshi K, Hitomi T, Hirahara K, Itoh T, Iwamura T, Nakashima A, Motomura Y, Taki K, Suzuki K. Toxin Rev. 2009; 28(4): 255-259.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2009, Informa - Taylor and Francis Group)

DOI

10.3109/15569540903338040

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Nerve agents have only ever been used in Iran and Japan: in the Iran-Iraq war and the Matsumoto and Tokyo subway sarin attacks. When discussing responses to nerve agent attacks in peace-time, it is important to maximize the lessons learned from these two incidents. The golden standard for the treatment of nerve agents has conventionally been the combination of atropine sulfate, oxime, and diazepam as recommended. While this recommendation also applies to civil defense for terrorism in peace-time, there is nonetheless a need to re-evaluate the golden standard. In addition, factors such as cost-effectiveness must be considered. © 2009 Informa UK Ltd.

Language: en

Keywords

human; Japan; shock; Iran; suicide attempt; intoxication; review; diazepam; drug safety; seizure; drug cost; cost effectiveness analysis; atropine; medical care; civil defense; pralidoxime; Atropine; respiratory distress; chemical warfare; sarin; fasciculation; Chemical terrorism; nerve gas; Oxime therapy; The Tokyo subway sarin attack