Citation

Xavier JM, Bobbin M, Singer B, Budd E. Int. J. Transgender. 2005; 8(2-3): 31-47.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2005, Informa - Taylor and Francis Group)

DOI

10.1300/J485v08n02_04

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

A needs assessment (N = 248) conducted in Washington, DC, revealed that transgendered people of color are at high risk for HIV/AIDS, substance abuse, suicide and violence/crime victimization. Overall HIV prevalence was 25%, with 32% in natal males (MTFs, i.e., male-to-females). Four predictors for HIV positive status were identified through logistic regression-male sex at birth, a history of substance abuse, sexual assault, and unemployment. Substance abuse was found in nearly half the sample (48%) but only half of those (51%) had sought treatment for it. Thirty-eight percent reported experiencing suicidal ideation, with 63% of those attributing it to their gender issues. Of those with suicidal ideation, nearly half (49%, or 16% of the entire sample), went on to make attempt(s) to kill themselves. Forty-three percent had been victims of violence or crime, including 13% who had been sexually assaulted. Knowledge of the Standards of Care of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association was quite low (9%) and associated with white race, any higher education beyond high school, and access to sex reassignment surgery (SRS). Access to SRS, defined as obtaining vaginoplasties for natal males and chest surgeries for natal females, was just 4%. White race (versus all other races, p <.001) and female at birth (versus male, p <.01) were significantly associated with access to SRS. Use of hormones at some point during their lives was reported by 51% of participants. Thirty-five percent were currently taking hormones, with 72% acquiring their hormones from friends or on the street. Among natal males, 25% had injected silicone. Nineteen percent did not have their own living space, and employment, housing and job training were the most commonly-reported immediate needs of the sample. The results of this needs assessment provide evidence of an urgent need for increased medical and social services specific to transgendered people of color living in the District of Columbia. © 2005 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

Language: en

Keywords

United States; adolescent; adult; human; violence; female; male; suicidal ideation; prevalence; African American; substance abuse; article; controlled study; socioeconomics; human experiment; Human immunodeficiency virus infection; health service; sexual crime; Hispanic; acquired immune deficiency syndrome; HIV/AIDS; transsexualism; infection risk; Health and social services; silicone; Transgender people of color; vagina reconstruction