Citation

Holladay SD. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2023; 42: e9603271231203382.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2023, SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.1177/09603271231203382

PMID

37751728

Abstract

Gender is viewed by many as strictly binary based on a collection of body traits typical of a female or male phenotype, presence of a genotype that includes at least one copy of a Y chromosome, or ability to produce either egg or sperm cells. A growing non-binary view is that these descriptors, while compelling, may nonetheless fail to accurately capture an individual's true gender. The position of the American Psychological Association (APA) agrees with this view and is that transgender people are a defendable and real part of the human population. The considerable diversity of transgender expression then argues against any unitary or simple explanations, however, prenatal hormone levels, genetic influences, and early and later life experiences have been suggested as playing roles in development of transgender identities. The present review considers existing and emerging toxicologic data that may also support an environmental chemical contribution to some transgender identities, and suggest the possibility of a growing nonbinary brain gender continuum in the human population.

Language: en

Keywords

developmental exposure; Endocrine disruption; epigenetic modification; nonbinary