Citation

van Prooijen JW, Wahring I, Mausolf L, Mulas N, Shwan S. Psychol. Sci. 2023; ePub(ePub): ePub.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2023, Association for Psychological Science, Publisher John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1177/09567976231158570

PMID

37040347

Abstract

A well-established finding is that beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories (e.g., Princess Diana was murdered vs. faked her own death) are positively correlated. This is commonly interpreted as evidence that people systematically believe blatant inconsistencies. Here, we propose that the field has insufficiently acknowledged a compelling alternative explanation: Disbelieving both conspiracy theories also yields a positive correlation. In four preregistered studies (total N = 7,641 adults), online participants evaluated 28 sets of contradictory conspiracy theories. Although the positive correlation was replicated in all cases, this was mostly due to participants who believed the official versions of these events (e.g., Princess Diana died in a car accident). Among participants who disbelieved these official stories, the correlation was inconsistent at best. A mini meta-analysis revealed a negative correlation among these participants, which was particularly due to the dead-or-alive cases. Apparently, researchers should reconsider the notion of systematic belief in contradictory conspiracy theories.

Language: en

Keywords

conspiracy belief; conspiracy skeptic; disbelief; doublethink; internal contradictions; open data; open materials; preregistered