Citation

Nowara EM, Marks TK, Mansour H, Veeraraghavan A. IEEE Trans. Intel. Transp. Syst. 2022; 23(4): 3589-3600.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers))

DOI

10.1109/TITS.2020.3038317

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) could greatly improve driver safety systems by enabling capabilities ranging from identifying driver fatigue to unobtrusive early heart failure detection. Unfortunately, the driving context poses unique challenges to iPPG, including illumination and motion. First, drastic illumination variations present during driving can overwhelm the small intensity-based iPPG signals. Second, significant driver head motion during driving, as well as camera motion (e.g., vibration) make it challenging to recover iPPG signals. To address these two challenges, we present two innovations. First, we demonstrate that we can reduce most outside light variations using narrow-band near-infrared (NIR) video recordings and obtain reliable heart rate estimates. Second, we present a novel optimization algorithm, which we call AutoSparsePPG, that leverages the quasi-periodicity of iPPG signals and achieves better performance than the state-of-the-art methods. In addition, we release the first publicly available driving dataset that contains both NIR and RGB video recordings of a passenger's face with simultaneous ground truth pulse oximeter recordings.

Language: en

Keywords

Automobiles; Cameras; driver monitoring; Faces; heart rate; Heart rate; imaging photoplethysmography; Lighting; near-infrared; Remote photoplethysmography; Robustness; Vehicles