Citation

Wang T, Luo Y, Liu J, Chen R, Li K. IEEE Trans. Intel. Transp. Syst. 2022; 23(1): 641-650.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers))

DOI

10.1109/TITS.2020.3018473

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

On a highway, the frequency of occurrence of irrelevant features, such as trees, varies a lot in different scenes. A limitation of the deep conventional neural networks used in end-to-end self-driving systems is that if the incoming images contain too much information, it makes it difficult for the network to extract only the subset of features required for decision making. Consequently, while existing end-to-end approaches may perform well in training scenes, they may not work correctly in other scenes. In this study, we developed a novel training method for an auto-encoder that equips it to ignore irrelevant features in input images while simultaneously retaining relevant features. Compared with feature extraction methods in existing end-to-end approaches, the proposed method reduces the labeling costs by only requiring image-level tags. The method was validated by training a convolutional neural network model to process the output of the encoder and produce a steering angle to control the vehicle. The entire end-to-end self-driving approach can ignore the influence of irrelevant features even though there are no such features when training the convolutional neural network.

Language: en

Keywords

auto-encoder; Autonomous vehicles; Decision making; End-to-end self-driving; Feature extraction; irrelevant features; Neural networks; Roads; Task analysis; Training