Citation

Slemenšek J, Fister I, Geršak J, Bratina B, van Midden VM, Pirtosek Z, Šafarič R. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23(2): e745.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2023, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/s23020745

PMID

36679546

Abstract

Human gait activity recognition is an emerging field of motion analysis that can be applied in various application domains. One of the most attractive applications includes monitoring of gait disorder patients, tracking their disease progression and the modification/evaluation of drugs. This paper proposes a robust, wearable gait motion data acquisition system that allows either the classification of recorded gait data into desirable activities or the identification of common risk factors, thus enhancing the subject's quality of life. Gait motion information was acquired using accelerometers and gyroscopes mounted on the lower limbs, where the sensors were exposed to inertial forces during gait. Additionally, leg muscle activity was measured using strain gauge sensors. As a matter of fact, we wanted to identify different gait activities within each gait recording by utilizing Machine Learning algorithms. In line with this, various Machine Learning methods were tested and compared to establish the best-performing algorithm for the classification of the recorded gait information. The combination of attention-based convolutional and recurrent neural networks algorithms outperformed the other tested algorithms and was individually tested further on the datasets of five subjects and delivered the following averaged results of classification: 98.9% accuracy, 96.8% precision, 97.8% sensitivity, 99.1% specificity and 97.3% F1-score. Moreover, the algorithm's robustness was also verified with the successful detection of freezing gait episodes in a Parkinson's disease patient. The results of this study indicate a feasible gait event classification method capable of complete algorithm personalization.

Language: en

Keywords

machine learning; attention mechanism; activity recognition; convolutional neural network; human gait; recurrent neural network; wearable