Citation

Hsiao SH, Cheng CC, Lin IJ, Yu CP, Huang YC, Huang SH, Sun CA, Fann LY, Sheu MY, Chien WC. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022; 19(20): e13169.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/ijerph192013169

PMID

36293761

PMCID

PMC9603005

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: to investigate whether persistent depressive disorder (PDD) affects sleep disorders (SDs) and increased suicide risk.

METHODS: in this study, we used the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) to select 117,033 SD patients, of whom 137 died by suicide, and 468,132 non-SD patients, of whom 118 died by suicide, and analyzed gender, age, and co-existing diseases. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS: the hazard ratio of suicide in SD patients was 1.429 times that of non-SD patients. The hazard ratio of suicide in female patients was 1.297 times higher than in males. Compared with people without PDD, people with PDD had a 7.195 times higher hazard ratio for suicide than those without PDD. PDD patients with SDs had a 2.05 times higher hazard ratio for suicide than those with no SDs.

CONCLUSIONS: suicide risk was increased in SD patients, and the maximum suicide risk was greater in SD patients with PDD than in non-PDD patients. PDD affected SDs and increased suicide risk. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility that PDD affects patients with SDs and contributes to suicide risk.

Language: en

Keywords

Humans; Female; Male; Risk Factors; Proportional Hazards Models; suicide; *Suicide; Taiwan/epidemiology; *Depressive Disorder/complications; *Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology/complications; persistent depressive disorder (PDD); poor prognosis; sleep disorder (SD)