Citation

de León G, Cesbron J, Klein P, Leandri P, Losa M. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22(17): e6603.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/s22176603

PMID

36081061

Abstract

Road surface properties have a major impact on pavement's life service conditions. Nowadays, contactless techniques are widely used to monitor road surfaces due to their portability and high precision. Among the different possibilities, laser profilometers are widely used, even though they have two major drawbacks: spatial information is missed and the cost of the equipment is considerable. The scope of this work is to show the methodology used to develop a fast and low-cost system using images taken with a commercial camera to recover the height information of the road surface using Convolutional Neural Networks. Hence, the dataset was created ad hoc. Based on photometric theory, a closed black-box with four light sources positioned around the surface sample was built. The surface was provided with markers in order to link the ground truth measurements carried out with a laser profilometer and their corresponding intensity values. The proposed network was trained, validated and tested on the created dataset. Three loss functions where studied. The results showed the Binary Cross Entropy loss to be the most performing and the best overall on the reconstruction task. The methodology described in this study shows the feasibility of a low-cost system using commercial cameras based on Artificial Intelligence.

Language: en

Keywords

deep learning; 3D reconstruction; convolutional neural networks; image; light; photometric stereo; profilometer; road pavements; texture