Citation

Richez A, Gindt M, Battista M, Nachon O, Menard ML, Askenazy F, Fernandez A, Thümmler S. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2022; 13(1): e2067297.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, The Author(s), Publisher Co-action Publishing)

DOI

10.1080/20008198.2022.2067297

PMID

35599977

PMCID

PMC9116238

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: On 2 October 2020, a violent storm (Alex) reached the French Riviera and caused significant damage in three inhabited valleys in the hinterland of the city of Nice. Entire populations were exposed to prolonged stress (no means of communication, electricity nor water) and were particularly at risk of suffering from psychological consequences. We first hypothesized that a majority of children would experience an acute stress reaction. However, we also hypothesized that their clinical expression would differ depending on their developmental age. Thus, we aimed to evaluate, according to the child's level of development, the presence of acute stress symptoms.

METHODS: Consecutive interviews with the child/adolescent and his/her parents were conducted by child and adolescent psychologists and psychiatrists to assess symptomatology following storm Alex (from day 1 to day 3). Each interview assessed nine classes of symptoms that have been compared according to age-groups.

RESULTS: 116 children have been evaluated (0.2-17.6 years, mean 9.1). The 0-5-years-old showed more agitation as well as developmental regression than children aged 6-11 (p = .011, p = .045) and 12-18 years (p < .001, p < .001). Anxiety was reported more frequently among the 6-11 years old than the 0-5 years children (p = .018). Overall, the interviewed children presented at least one manifestation of acute stress after the storm (94% for the 0-5 years; 83% for the 6-11 years and 74% for the 12-18 years).

DISCUSSION: The results highlight the high rate of acute stress symptoms in a natural disaster context, their specificity depending on children's age. Therefore; it emphasizes the need to develop, improve and validate specific assessment tools. Scheduled follow-up evaluations will help to understand, after a natural disaster, the long-term stress response in children, paving the way for targeting early, intensive, specific and multidisciplinary symptomatic treatment approaches.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04850924. HIGHLIGHTS: Acute stress symptoms in children and adolescents are very frequent in the context of exposure to a natural disaster with specifications depending on the developmental age.

Language: en

Keywords

Adolescent; Child; Humans; Female; Male; Child, Preschool; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Family; Natural disaster; psychotrauma; *Parents/psychology; *Stress Disorders, Traumatic, Acute/epidemiology; acute stress; Anxiety/epidemiology; child and adolescent psychiatry