Citation

Nielsen VG, Wagner MT. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022; 23(4): e2128.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, Molecular Diversity Preservation International)

DOI

10.3390/ijms23042128

PMID

35216244

Abstract

Pain-acute, chronic and debilitating-is the most feared neurotoxicity resulting from a survivable venomous snake bite. The purpose of this review is to present in a novel paradigm what we know about the molecular mechanisms responsible for pain after envenomation. Progressing from known pain modulating peptides and enzymes, to tissue level interactions with venom resulting in pain, to organ system level pain syndromes, to geographical level distribution of pain syndromes, the present work demonstrates that understanding the mechanisms responsible for pain is dependent on "location, location, location". It is our hope that this work can serve to inspire the molecular and epidemiologic investigations needed to better understand the neurotoxic mechanisms responsible for these snake venom mediated diverse pain syndromes and ultimately lead to agent specific treatments beyond anti-venom alone.

Language: en

Keywords

chronic pain; acute pain; metalloproteinase; neurotoxicity; phospholipase A2; serine protease; snake venom peptides; venomous snake bite