Citation

Lawn RB, Nishimi KM, Sumner JA, Chibnik LB, Roberts AL, Kubzansky LD, Rich-Edwards JW, Koenen KC, Thurston RC. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2022; ePub(ePub): ePub.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, John Wiley and Sons)

DOI

10.1161/JAHA.121.023015

PMID

35189695

Abstract

Background Hypertension is a prevalent condition in women and an important modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite women's experiences of sexual violence being common, no prospective studies have examined lifetime sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment in relationship to hypertension in large civilian samples with extended follow-up. Here, we examined whether these experiences were prospectively associated with greater risk of developing hypertension over 7 years.

METHODS and Results Data are from a substudy of the Nurses' Health Study II and include women free of hypertension at the time of sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment assessment in 2008 (n=33 127). Hypertension was defined as self-reported doctor diagnosis or initiating antihypertensive medication use, assessed biennially through 2015. We performed Cox proportional hazards regression models to predict time to developing hypertension associated with sexual violence exposure, adjusting for relevant covariates. Over follow-up, 7096 women developed hypertension. Sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment were prevalent (23% and 12%, respectively; 6% of women experienced both). Compared with women with no exposure, women who experienced both sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment had the highest risk of developing hypertension (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09-1.35), followed by women who experienced workplace sexual harassment (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.25) and then by women who experienced sexual assault (HR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.19), after adjusting for relevant covariates.

CONCLUSIONS Sexual assault and workplace sexual harassment are prospectively associated with greater risk of hypertension. Reducing such violence is important in its own right and may also improve women's cardiovascular health.

Language: en

Keywords

sexual violence; sexual assault; sexual harassment; cardiovascular; hypertension; Nurses' Health Study