Citation

Zhang H, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Wu C. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022; 19(3): e1834.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2022, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/ijerph19031834

PMID

35162861

Abstract

There are many factors that will influence the workload of drivers during autonomous driving. To examine the correlation between different factors and the workload of drivers, the influence of different factors on the workload variations is investigated from subjective and objective viewpoints. Thirty-seven drivers were recruited to participant the semi-autonomous driving experiments, and the drivers were required to complete different NDRTs (Non-Driving-Related Tasks): mistake finding, chatting, texting, and monitoring when the vehicle is in autonomous mode. Then, we introduced collision warning to signal there is risk ahead, and the warning signal was triggered at different TB (Time Budget)s before the risk, at which time the driver had to take over the driving task. During driving, the NASA-TLX-scale data were obtained to analyze the variation of the driver's subjective workload. The driver's pupil-diameter data acquired by the eye tracker from 100 s before the TOR (Take-Over Request) to 19 s after the takeover were obtained as well. The sliding time window was set to process the pupil-diameter data, and the 119-s normalized average pupil-diameter data under different NDRTs were fitted and modeled to analyze the variation of the driver's objective workload. The results show that the total subjective workload score under the influence of different factors is as follows: obstacle-avoidance scene > lane-keeping scene; TB = 7 s and TB = 3 s have no significant difference; and mistake finding > chatting > texting > monitoring. The results of pupil-diameter data under different factors are as follows: obstacle-avoidance scene > lane-keeping scene; TB = 7 s > TB = 3 s; and monitoring type (chatting and monitoring) > texting type (mistake finding and texting). The research results can provide a reference for takeover safety prediction modeling based on workload.

Language: en

Keywords

influencing factors; NASA-TLX scale; shared driving; workload