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Abstract
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Data from the National Center for Health Statistics indicate that drug overdose deaths in the United States have increased by 28.5% during 2020-2021, from 78,056 during a 12-month period ending in April 2020 to 100,306 during the same period in 2021 (1). Approximately 75% of drug overdose deaths during 2020 involved opioids. With illicitly manufactured fentanyl continuing to supplant the heroin market, and increasing illicit use of counterfeit pills containing either fentanyl, various fentanyl-related compounds, or other opioids, the risk for drug overdose deaths remains high (2). Recently, para-fluorofentanyl, a substance from research efforts in the 1960s and referred to as "China-white" before it was classified as a schedule I substance in 1986, has begun to reemerge on the illicit drug market.* It is found in heroin packets, counterfeit pills, and is reported in autopsy findings and supporting toxicology results.† More recently, another class of compounds known as benzimidazole-opioids have begun appearing in cities across the country as adulterants in the heroin supply, adding a new threat to public health (3). Discovered through research for new opioid analgesics in the late 1950s, this class of opioid receptor agonists did not receive market authorization for therapeutic use. Based on law enforcement seizure data from the National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS)§ and medical examiner reports as described below, metonitazene, a benzimidazole-opioid, and para-fluorofentanyl (both in combination with fentanyl), are being encountered more often in the United States.
The Knox County Regional Forensic Center (KCRFC) in Knoxville, Tennessee is the medical examiner for Knox and Anderson counties, and also conducts autopsies when requested from 21 surrounding counties. KCRFC first identified para-fluorofentanyl in toxicology results of victims of drug overdoses in November 2020, and metonitazene, either alone or in combination with fentanyl and para-fluorofentanyl, in January 2021. During November 2020-August 2021, KCRFC reported 770 total unintentional drug overdose deaths. Among these deaths, 562 (73.0%) cases received postmortem positive test results for fentanyl (Table), including 192 fentanyl-positive cases reported in the absence of other substances (i.e., fentanyl only), 188 that involved fentanyl and methamphetamine, 48 that involved para-fluorofentanyl, and 26 that involved metonitazene.
These findings demonstrate the contribution of both para-fluorofentanyl and the benzimidazole-opioid metonitazene to unintentional overdose deaths in eastern Tennessee. NFLIS data indicate a sharp increase in law enforcement encounters with para-fluorofentanyl and metonitazene from 2020 to 2021; reporting from late 2021 is in process. Although the percentage of law enforcement encounters with these substances in Tennessee decreased relative to the national total percentage within this time frame, the increase in encounters both within Tennessee and nationally reflect an increased distribution of para-fluorofentanyl and metonitazene throughout the United States. With para-fluorofentanyl and metonitazene each alone being capable of producing respiratory depression leading to death, the various combinations of these substances, in addition to possible other opioids including fentanyl-related compounds or adulterants included in each drug exhibit that could cause or exacerbate serious adverse effects, pose an even greater potential harm to the patient than that previously observed. Naloxone still serves as an effective drug to reverse opioid overdose; however, additional doses of naloxone might be required when stronger opioids like fentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl, metonitazene, or other benzimidazoles are involved or combined (4).
Physicians, medical examiners, and toxicology laboratories should be aware of the increased presence of para-fluorofentanyl and the benzimidazole class of opioids¶ when treating patients in the emergency department or identifying these substances postmortem. Increasing public awareness regarding the fatal consequences after the ingestion of fentanyl, para-fluorofentanyl, metonitazene, and other opioids in addition to expanded naloxone availability should be prioritized to reduce opioid-related deaths both in Tennessee and throughout the United States.
* https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/orangebook/c_cs_alpha.pdf
† https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Synthetic%20Opioids-2020.pdfpdf iconexternal icon
§ The National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS) is an important resource in monitoring illicit drug trafficking, including the diversion of legally manufactured pharmaceuticals into illegal markets. NFLIS-Drug is a comprehensive information system that includes data from forensic laboratories that handle approximately 98% of an estimated 1.5 million distinct annual federal, state, and local drug analysis cases. NFLIS-Drug includes drug chemistry results from completed analyses only. https://www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/external icon
¶ https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/benzimidazole-opioids.pdfpdf icon
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