Citation

Martín-Badia J, Obregón-Gutiérrez N, Goberna-Tricas J. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021; 18(23): e12553.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2021, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/ijerph182312553

PMID

34886279

Abstract

BACKGROUND: obstetric violence is still far too invisible; the word "violence" generates rejection and obstetric violence is complex to define and typify, as it is a subjective experience. It has been widely analyzed from legal, sociological, and clinical perspectives, but not equally so from the bioethical point of view. This article sets out to take a more in-depth look at the experiences of midwives in order to describe the ethical perspectives of obstetric violence. We intend to describe the effects that malpractice and violence within obstetric care have on American and European bioethical principles.

METHODOLOGY: A qualitative methodology of the phenomenological tradition was used: 24 midwives participated in three focus groups.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: four categories were arrived at; they are "the maleficence of forgetting my vulnerability", "beneficence requires respect for my integrity and dignity", "my autonomy is being removed from me" and "a problem of social justice towards us, women".

CONCLUSION: obstetric violence infringes on the main bioethical principles (non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, justice, vulnerability, dignity, and integrity). Beyond whether it is called violence or not, what matters from an ethical perspective is that, as long as women have such negative experiences during pregnancy and childbirth, obstetric care needs better humanizing.

Language: en

Keywords

women; obstetric violence; bioethics; childbirth care; ethical aspects; humanization; malpractice; midwives