Citation

Ramirez S, Mukherjee A, Sepulveda S, Becerra-Calixto A, Bravo-Vasquez N, Gherardelli C, Chavez M, Soto C. Cells 2021; 10(10): e2683.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2021, MDPI: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

DOI

10.3390/cells10102683

PMID

34685663

PMCID

PMC8534257

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a head injury that disrupts the normal brain structure and function. TBI has been extensively studied using various in vitro and in vivo models. Most of the studies have been done with rodent models, which may respond differently to TBI than human nerve cells. Taking advantage of the recent development of cerebral organoids (COs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which resemble the architecture of specific human brain regions, here, we adapted the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model to induce TBI in human COs as a novel in vitro platform. To adapt the CCI procedure into COs, we have developed a phantom brain matrix, matching the mechanical characteristics of the brain, altogether with an empty mouse skull as a platform to allow the use of the stereotactic CCI equipment on COs. After the CCI procedure, COs were histologically prepared to evaluate neurons and astrocyte populations using the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Moreover, a marker of metabolic response, the neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and cellular death using cleaved caspase 3 were also analyzed. Our results show that human COs recapitulate the primary pathological changes of TBI, including metabolic alterations related to neuronal damage, neuronal loss, and astrogliosis. This novel approach using human COs to model TBI in vitro holds great potential and opens new alternatives for understanding brain abnormalities produced by TBI, and for the development and testing of new therapeutic approaches.

Language: en

Keywords

traumatic brain injury; Alzheimer’s disease; amyloid plaques; cerebral organoids; disease modeling; neurofibrillary tangles