Citation

Bishop M, Schumann JL, Gerostamoulos D, Wong A. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021; 226: e108837.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2021, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108837

PMID

unavailable

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Prior to February 2018, codeine was available over-the-counter (OTC) in Australia as a pharmacist-only medicine (Schedule 3) in low-strength formulations when in combination with simple analgesics. In February 2018, The Advisory Committee on Medicines Scheduling (ACMS) upscheduled codeine-containing medicines (CCM) to Schedule 4 (prescription-only medicine). This study aimed to determine the impact of upscheduling on prescriptions, overdoses and deaths.

METHODS: This study used interrupted time series analysis, a quasi-experimental design, to retrospectively evaluate the impact of upscheduling on overdose poisoning calls to the Victorian Poisons Information Centre (VPIC), Emergency Department (ED) presentations to Austin Health, and deaths reported to the Victorian Coroner from 1 January 2013-31 December 2019.

RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in the trend of high-strength codeine poisoning calls by 0.36 (P = 0.03, 95 % CI = [-0.69, -0.04]). Low-strength codeine poisoning calls to the VPIC reduced by 13.31 (P <0.001, 95 % CI = [-16.80, 9.82]]) calls in February 2018, followed by continued reduction of 0.12 calls per month. High-strength codeine overdose ED presentations reduced in the first quarter of 2018 by 3.72 presentations (P = 0.004, 95 % CI = [-6.13, -1.31]). Low-strength codeine overdose ED presentations after the first quarter of 2018 by 0.33 (P = 0.03, 95 % CI = [-0.63, -0.03]) presentations per month. Codeine-related deaths reduced by 7.19 (P < 0.001, 95 % CI = [-9.44, -4.94]) deaths in February 2018.

CONCLUSIONS: Codeine upscheduling to prescription-only medicine has reduced codeine-related poisoning calls, overdoses and unnatural death in Victoria.

Language: en

Keywords

Poisoning; Mortality; Codeine; Overdose; Misuse; Upscheduling