Citation

Ho JD, Dawes DM, Kunz SN, Klein LR, Driver BE, DeVries PA, Jones GA, Stang JL. Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol. 2020; ePub(ePub): ePub.

Affiliation

Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2020, Holtzbrinck Springer Nature Publishing Group)

DOI

10.1007/s12024-020-00249-w

PMID

32388670

Abstract

Axon Enterprise, Inc. (Axon) released its newest generation conducted electrical weapon (CEW), the T7, in October 2018. In order to compare the effects of this new CEW to prior generations, we used our previously described methodology to study the physiologic effects of CEWs on human volunteers at rest. This was a prospective, observational study of human subjects consisting of two parts. Part 1 was testing a single cartridge (2-probe) exposure. Subjects received a 10-s exposure from the T7 to the back with a 30 cm (12 in.) spread between the two probes. Part 2 was testing a simultaneous two-cartridge (4-probe) exposure. Subjects received a 10-s exposure from the T7 to the back with two cartridges with a 10 cm (4 in.) spread between each probe pair. The probe pairs were arranged cephalad to caudal such that the distance between the top probe of the first cartridge and the bottom probe of the second cartridge was 30 cm (12 in.). Vital signs were measured immediately before and after the exposure. Continuous spirometry was performed. ECG monitoring was performed immediately before and after the exposure. Venous pH, lactate, potassium, CK, catecholamines, and troponin were measured before and immediately after the exposure, at 1-h post-exposure, and again at 24 h. 11 subjects completed part 1 of the study. 9 subjects completed part 2 of the study. No subjects had a dysrhythmia or morphology change in the surface ECG. There were no statistical changes in vital signs pre- and post-exposure. While subjects did not have a statistical change in spirometry parameters pre-exposure to exposure except for a small drop in PETCO₂, there was an increase in minute ventilation after the exposure that could have several explanations. A similar pattern was seen with prior generation weapons. No subject had elevated troponin levels. Other blood parameters including venous pH, lactate, potassium, CK, and catecholamines had changes similar to prior generation weapons. Comparison of the data for the single-cartridge exposures against the simultaneous two-cartridge exposures yielded no difference in vital signs, but the minute ventilation was higher for the two-cartridge exposures. The blood data, where there was a difference, was mixed. In our study, the physiologic effects of the Axon T7 are modest, consistent with the electrically-induced motor nerve-driven muscle contraction, and were similar to prior generation weapons.

Language: en

Keywords

Axon; CEW; Conducted electrical weapon; Conducted energy weapon; Physiology; TASER