Citation

Hellton KH, Cummings J, Vik-Mo AO, Nordrehaug JE, Aarsland D, Selbaek G, Giil LM. Multivariate Behav. Res. 2020; ePub(ePub): ePub.

Affiliation

Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2020, Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology, Publisher Informa - Taylor and Francis Group)

DOI

10.1080/00273171.2020.1736976

PMID

32329370

Abstract

Psychiatric syndromes in dementia are often derived from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) using principal component analysis (PCA). The validity of this statistical approach can be questioned, since the excessive proportion of zeros and skewness of NPI items may distort the estimated relations between the items. We propose a novel version of PCA, ZIBP-PCA, where a zero-inflated bivariate Poisson (ZIBP) distribution models the pairwise covariance between the NPI items. We compared the performance of the method to classical PCA under zero-inflation using simulations, and in two dementia-cohorts (N = 830, N = 1349). Simulations showed that component loadings from PCA were biased due to zero-inflation, while the loadings of ZIBP-PCA remained unaffected. ZIBP-PCA obtained a simpler component structure of "psychosis," "mood" and "agitation" in both dementia-cohorts, compared to PCA. The principal components from ZIBP-PCA had component loadings as follows: First, the component interpreted as "psychosis" was loaded by the items delusions and hallucinations. Second, the "mood" component was loaded by depression and anxiety. Finally, the "agitation" component was loaded by irritability and aggression. In conclusion, PCA is not equipped to handle zero-inflation. Using the NPI, PCA fails to identify components with a valid interpretation, while ZIBP-PCA estimates simple and interpretable components to characterize the psychopathology of dementia.

Language: en

Keywords

Monte Carlo simulation; Neuropsychiatric Inventory; bivariate Poisson distribution; principal component analysis; zero-inflation