Citation

Li L, Zhong B, Hutmacher C, Liang Y, Horrey WJ, Xu X. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2020; 137: e105432.

Affiliation

Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States. Electronic address: xxu@ncsu.edu.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2020, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.aap.2020.105432

PMID

32004860

Abstract

Driving distraction is a leading cause of fatal car accidents, and almost nine people are killed in the US each day because of distracting activities. Therefore, reducing the number of distraction-affected traffic accidents remains an imperative issue. A novel algorithm for detection of drivers' manual distraction was proposed in this manuscript. The detection algorithm consists of two modules. The first module predicts the bounding boxes of the driver's right hand and right ear from RGB images. The second module takes the bounding boxes as input and predicts the type of distraction. 106,677 frames extracted from videos, which were collected from twenty participants in a driving simulator, were used for training (50%) and testing (50%). For distraction classification, the results indicated that the proposed framework could detect normal driving, using the touchscreen, and talking with a phone with F1-score 0.84, 0.69, 0.82, respectively. For overall distraction detection, it achieved F1-score of 0.74. The whole framework ran at 28 frames per second. The algorithm achieved comparable overall accuracy with similar research, and was more efficient than other methods. A demo video for the algorithm can be found at https://youtu.be/NKclK1bHRd4.

Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Language: en

Keywords

Computer vision; Deep learning; Driving distraction; Multi-class classification; Upper extremity kinematics