Citation

Di Virgilio TG, Ietswaart M, Wilson L, Donaldson DI, Hunter AM. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2019; 13: e294.

Affiliation

Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2019, Frontiers Research Foundation)

DOI

10.3389/fnhum.2019.00294

PMID

31551732

PMCID

PMC6746992

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: The potential effects of exposure to repetitive subconcussive head impacts through routine participation in sport are not understood. To investigate the effects of repetitive subconcussive head impacts we studied boxers following customary training (sparring) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), decomposition electromyographic (EMG) and tests of memory.

METHODS: Twenty amateur boxers performed three 3-min sparring bouts. Parameters of brain function and motor control were assessed prior to sparring and again immediately, 1 h and 24 h post-sparring. Twenty control participants were assessed following mock-sparring.

RESULTS: One hour after sparring boxers showed increased corticomotor inhibition, altered motor unit recruitment strategies, and decreased memory performance relative to controls, with values returning to baseline by the 24 h follow up.

CONCLUSION: Repetitive subconcussive head impacts associated with sparring resulted in acute and transient brain changes similar to those previously reported in soccer heading, providing convergent evidence that sport-related head impacts produce a GABAergic response. These acute changes in brain health are reminiscent of effects seen following brain injury, and suggest a potential mechanism underlying the damaging long-term effects of routine repetitive head impacts in sport.

Language: en

Keywords

TBI; boxing; motor unit behavior; subconcussive head impacts; transcranial magnetic stimulation