Citation

McIntosh SE, Freer L, Grissom CK, Auerbach PS, Rodway GW, Cochran A, Giesbrecht GG, McDevitt M, Imray CH, Johnson EL, Pandey P, Dow J, Hackett PH. Wilderness Environ. Med. 2019; ePub(ePub): ePub.

Affiliation

Division of Emergency Medicine, Altitude Research Center, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO; Institute for Altitude Medicine, Telluride, CO.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2019, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.wem.2019.05.002

PMID

31326282

Abstract

The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for prevention and treatment of frostbite. We present a review of pertinent pathophysiology. We then discuss primary and secondary prevention measures and therapeutic management. Recommendations are made regarding each treatment and its role in management. These recommendations are graded on the basis of the quality of supporting evidence and balance between the benefits and risks or burdens for each modality according to methodology stipulated by the American College of Chest Physicians. This is an updated version of the guidelines published in 2014.

Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Language: en

Keywords

aloe vera; hypothermia; iloprost; rewarming; tPA; thrombolysis