Citation

Hairston DR, de Similien RH, Himelhoch S, Forrester A. Int. J. Psychiatry Med. 2019; 54(3): 181-187.

Affiliation

Division of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2019, SAGE Publishing)

DOI

10.1177/0091217418802153

PMID

30244622

Abstract

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have become standard preventive treatment for patients with ventricular arrhythmias and other life-threatening cardiac conditions. The advantages and efficiency of the device are supported by multiple clinical trials and outcome studies, leading to its popularity among cardiologists. Implantation of the device is not without adverse outcomes. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement has been found to lead to negative psychological and psychosocial sequelae such as apprehension to engage in physical activity, chronic anxiety, decreased physical and social functioning, a nagging fear of being shocked by the device, and the development of "phantom shocks." Defined as patient-reported shocks in the absence of evidence that the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator device has discharged, phantom shocks could impact the mental health of those affected. This article reviews the case of Mr. L, a 47-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy who was seen by the psychiatry consultation team while under cardiologic care because he reported that his implantable cardioverter-defibrillator device had been shocking him despite no objective evidence after interrogating the device. A literature review of phantom shocks, their associated symptomatology, and psychological consequences are outlined and discussed.

Language: en

Keywords

anxiety; depression; implantable cardioverter-defibrillators; phantom shocks; post-traumatic stress disorder; shock