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Affiliation
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The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA; Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. |
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Abstract
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OBJECTIVES: (1) to determine effects of concussion related motor impairments at different task complexities in isolation and with a cognitive dual-task and (2) to determine if self-reported balance deficits after concussion are associated with gait, quiet stance, or cognitive dual-task impairments.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional SETTING: Sports medicine clinic PARTICIPANTS: Adolescent athletes clinically diagnosed with a sport-related concussion and healthy controls. INTERVENTIONS: Athletes with concussion completed a single/dual-task standing and walking protocol within 14 days of injury and were compared to healthy controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures included gait speed, quiet stance (root mean square [RMS] coronal/sagittal plane sway), and cognitive performance (accuracy). Dual-task costs were calculated as the percentage change between single-task and dual-task conditions. Participants with concussion were then stratified by those who did and did not report subjective balance problems at the time of testing and compared using objective balance and gait metrics.
RESULTS: Forty-nine concussion (mean age=14.9±1.9 years; 51% female; tested 7.0±3.0 days post-injury) and 65 control participants (mean age=14.9±1.6 years; 52% female) completed the study. The concussion group walked slower during dual-task gait than controls (0.83±0.17 m/s vs. 0.92±0.15 m/s; Cohen's d=0.53). Dual-task quiet stance RMS sway values were similar for concussion and control groups in coronal (1.20±0.52 m/s-2 vs. 1.26±0.65 m/s-2; d=0.09) and sagittal (0.56±0.24 m/s-2 vs. 0.73±0.44 m/s-2; d=0.20) movement planes. The concussion participants with subjectively-reported balance problems had significantly greater walking speed dual-task costs than concussion participants without self-reported balance problems (-25±10% vs. -19±9%; p=0.02).
CONCLUSION: Following concussion, adolescents demonstrate slower gait speeds, but similar quiet stance values relative to healthy controls. The study results indicate that tasks requiring greater motor coordination may elicit greater alterations following a concussion.
Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.
Language: en |