Citation

Paulus MP, Stein MB. Brain Struct. Funct. 2010; 214(5-6): 451-463.

Affiliation

Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 8939 Villa La Jolla Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. mpaulus@ucsd.edu

Copyright

(Copyright © 2010, Holtzbrinck Springer Nature Publishing Group)

DOI

10.1007/s00429-010-0258-9

PMID

20490545

PMCID

PMC2886901

Abstract

We review the literature on interoception as it relates to depression and anxiety, with a focus on belief, and alliesthesia. The connection between increased but noisy afferent interoceptive input, self-referential and belief-based states, and top-down modulation of poorly predictive signals is integrated into a neuroanatomical and processing model for depression and anxiety. The advantage of this conceptualization is the ability to specifically examine the interface between basic interoception, self-referential belief-based states, and enhanced top-down modulation to attenuate poor predictability. We conclude that depression and anxiety are not simply interoceptive disorders but are altered interoceptive states as a consequence of noisily amplified self-referential interoceptive predictive belief states.

Language: en