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Citation |
Rougemont-Bücking A, Grazioli VS, Marmet S, Daeppen JB, Lemoine M, Gmel G, Studer J. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2018; 9(1): e1468706. |
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Affiliation |
Alcohol Treatment Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland. |
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Copyright |
(Copyright © 2018, The Author(s), Publisher Co-action Publishing) |
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DOI |
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PMID |
29760868 |
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PMCID |
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Abstract |
Background: Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is an increasing phenomenon associated with physical and psychological consequences. This study investigated the effects of distinct forms of stress on NMUPD. Methods: Data from 5308 young adult men from the Swiss cohort study on substance use risk factors (C-SURF) were analysed regarding NMUPD of sleeping pills, tranquilizers, opioid analgesics, psychostimulants, and antidepressants. Various forms of stress (discrete, potentially traumatic events, recent and long-lasting social-environmental stressors) during the period preceding the NMUPD assessment were measured. Backward log-binomial regression was performed and risk ratios (RR) were calculated. Results: NMUPD was significantly associated with the cumulative number of potentially traumatic events (e.g. for opioid analgesics, RR = 1.92, p < .001), with problems within the family (e.g. for sleeping pills, RR = 2.45, p < .001), and the peer group (e.g. for tranquilizer use, RR = 2.34, p < .01). Factors describing family functioning in childhood showed very few significant associations. Sexual assault by acquaintances was associated only with use of sleeping pills (RR = 2.91, p p <.01); physical assault by acquaintances was not associated with NMUPD. Physical (e.g. for psychostimulants, RR = 2.01, p < .001) or sexual assaults (e.g. for antidepressants, RR = 4.64, p < .001) perpetrated outside the family context did show associations with several drug categories. Conclusion: NMUPD appears to be more consistently associated with discrete and potentially traumatic events and with recent social-environmental stressors than with long-lasting stressors due to family functioning during childhood and youth. Physical and sexual assaults perpetrated by strangers showed more associations with NMUPD than those perpetrated by a family member. Language: en Introducción: El uso no médico de fármacos recetados (UNMFR) es un fenómeno creciente asociado con consecuencias físicas y psicológicas. Este estudio investigó los efectos de distintas formas de estrés en el UNMFR.Métodos: Se analizaron los datos de 5,308 varones adultos jóvenes del estudio suizo de cohorte sobre los factores de riesgo del uso de sustancias (C-SURF) con respecto a UNMFR de pastillas para dormir, tranquilizantes, analgésicos opioides, psicoestimulantes y antidepresivos. Se midieron diversas formas de estrés (eventos discretos potencialmente traumáticos, estresores socioambientales recientes y duraderos) durante el período anterior a la evaluación del UNMFR. Se realizó una regresión logística- binaria hacia atrás y se calculó el riesgo relativo (RR).Resultados: UNMFR se asoció significativamente con el número acumulativo de eventos potencialmente traumáticos (e.g. para analgésicos opioides, RR = 1.92, p <.001), con problemas dentro de la familia (e.g. para pastillas para dormir RR = 2.45, p <.001). y el grupo de iguales (e.g. para el uso de tranquilizantes RR = 2.34, p <.01). Los factores que describen el funcionamiento familiar en la infancia mostraron escasas relaciones significativas. La agresión sexual por conocidos solo se asoció con el uso de pastillas para dormir (RR = 2.91, p = <. 01) mientras que la agresión física por conocidos no se asoció con UNMFR. La actividad física (e.g. para psicoestimulantes RR = 2.01, p <.001) o agresiones sexuales (e.g, para antidepresivos RR = 4.64, p <.001) perpretados fuera del contexto familiar mostraron asociaciones con varias categorías de fármacos.Conclusión: El UNMFR parece asociarse de forma más consistente con eventos discretos y potencialmente traumáticos y con estresores sociales y ambientales recientes que con factores estresantes de larga duración debidos al funcionamiento familiar durante la infancia y la juventud. Las agresiones físicas y sexuales perpetradas por extraños mostraron más asociaciones con el UNMFR que las cometidas por un miembro de la familia. Language: es 背景：处方药的非医疗用途（Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs, NMUPD）日益增加，与躯体和心理方面的一系列后果有密切联系。这项研究调查了不同形式的压力对NMUPD的影响。方法：对来自瑞士的物质使用风险因素研究项目（C-SURF）的5308名年轻成年男性的数据进行了分析，所使用药物涉及安眠药、安定药、阿片类镇痛药、精神兴奋药和抗抑郁药的NMUPD。对NMUPD评估前各种形式的压力（分散的，潜在的创伤性事件，最近的和长期的社会环境压力源）进行测量。使用反向对数二项回归（Backward log-binomial regression）进行分析，并计算对应风险比。结果：NMUPD与潜在创伤性事件的累积数量（例如阿片类镇痛药，RR = 1.92，p <.001），与家庭中存在的问题（例如安眠药RR = 2.45，p <.001），和同伴组（例如，镇静剂使用RR = 2.34，p <0.01）呈显著相关。与童年期家庭功能的极少数因素呈现显著相关。来自熟人的性侵犯只与使用安眠药有关（RR = 2.91，p = <.01），而来自熟人的躯体攻击与NMUPD无关。在家庭环境之外发生的的躯体攻击（例如对于精神兴奋剂RR = 2.01，p <.001）或性侵犯（例如对于抗抑郁药RR = 4.64，p <.001）显示与某几类药物使用有关。结论：与儿童和青年期的家庭功能失衡所带来的长期压力源的作用相比，NMUPD似乎与分散的、潜在的创伤事件，以及近期遭遇的社会环境方面的应激源更为稳定的相关。躯体和性方面的侵犯与NMUPD的关系中，来自陌生人的侵犯比来自家人的侵犯与NMUPD相关更高。. Language: zh |
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Keywords |
Non-medical use of prescription drugs; family functioning; neglect; parental monitoring; peer influence; physical assault; sexual assault; traumatic stress; • This study tested the associations between various forms of stress on non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) by young men in Switzerland.• NMUPD was highly associated with the number of potentially traumatic events young men were confronted with earlier in life, as well as with having recently had problems with family or friends.• Measures describing family functioning, such as a lack of parental support or monitoring, showed almost no associations with NMUPD.• Physical and sexual assaults showed more associations with NMUPD when perpetrated by strangers than when perpetrated by acquaintances. |