Citation

Logan RW, Hasler BP, Forbes EE, Franzen PL, Torregrossa MM, Huang YH, Buysse DJ, Clark DB, McClung CA. Biol. Psychiatry 2018; 83(12): 987-996.

Affiliation

Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine. Electronic address: mcclungca@upmc.edu.

Copyright

(Copyright © 2018, Elsevier Publishing)

DOI

10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.035

PMID

29373120

Abstract

Sleep homeostasis and circadian function are important maintaining factors for optimal health and well-being. Conversely, sleep and circadian disruptions are implicated in a variety of adverse health outcomes, including substance use disorders. These risks are particularly salient during adolescence. Adolescents require 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night, although few consistently achieve these durations. A mismatch between developmental changes and social/environmental demands contributes to inadequate sleep. Homeostatic sleep drive takes longer to build, circadian rhythms naturally become delayed, and sensitivity to the phase-shifting effects of light increases, all of which lead to an evening preference (i.e., chronotype) during adolescence. In addition, school start times are often earlier in adolescence and the use of electronic devices at night increases, leading to disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment (i.e., social jet lag). Social factors (e.g., peer influence) and school demands further impact sleep and circadian rhythms. To cope with sleepiness, many teens regularly consume highly caffeinated energy drinks and other stimulants, creating further disruptions in sleep. Chronic sleep loss and circadian misalignment enhance developmental tendencies toward increased reward sensitivity and impulsivity, increasing the likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors and exacerbating the vulnerability to substance use and substance use disorders. We review the neurobiology of brain reward systems and the impact of sleep and circadian rhythms changes on addiction vulnerability in adolescence and suggest areas that warrant additional research.

Copyright © 2017 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Language: en

Keywords

Addiction; Adolescence; Circadian; Circuitry; Reward; Sleep